Meet Your Adrenal Glands
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You have two small glands that sit on top of each one of your kidneys. These triangle shaped glands are about three inches wide, a half inch high, and control some very important aspects of your body. Many people don’t know that their adrenal glands produce two hormones that are very important to the regulation of the body’s nutrients. Aldosterone is the hormone that regulates sodium, potassium, and water in your body. The other hormone that’s produced is cortisol which helps regulate the stress that your body deals with.

Adrenal fatigue can happen from not taking care of your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. If your adrenals get too overworked they will not be able to handle the job they need to. This can result in you feeling exhausted and fatigued at several points through your daily life. You also may feel overwhelmed and not be able to handle stress as well as you used to in the past. If you start to notice that you can’t sleep well or that you start to get sick more often then it’s possible that you have adrenal fatigue.

This is because your adrenal glands also help regulate your immune system. If they are overworked they will not be able to fend off viruses and flues that you may get. This can cause you to have an overly weak immune system. This can lead to you getting sick more often and ultimately not being able to fight off the illnesses.

If you notice that you start feeling any of these symptoms then you will want to get checked for adrenal fatigue. If you let adrenal fatigue drag on it can turn into adrenal deficiency and you can have serious health problems. In its early stages adrenal fatigue can be controlled and reversed with some basic techniques.


Your Adrenal Medulla
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Your adrenal medulla can be found at the center of your adrenal glands, which sit on top of each of your kidneys. The adrenal medulla is surrounded by the adrenal cortex and is made up of irregularly shaped cells and blood vessels. These cells interact mostly with your central nervous system through hormone production.

The adrenal medulla is made up mostly of chromaffin cells and works to turn amino acid tyrosine into epinephrine, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Catecholamine is produced when the body feels stressed, in a fight or flight response. The adrenaline and nonadrenaline released into your bloodstream, giving you more energy and focus.  If your adrenals under produce these hormones, it can lead to adrenal fatigue (a condition which leaves you exhausted all the time and unable to regain your energy) and ultimately to adrenal failure.

When the adrenaline and nonadrenaline is produced it will create higher blood pressure, higher heart rate, and blood vessel constriction. It also creates dilatation in blood vessels of the skeletal muscles and decreased metabolism. Dopamine causes increased heart rate and blood pressure, but it cannot inhibit your blood stream or affect your central nervous system.

Phaeochromocytoma is the most common tumor found in the adrenal medulla and causes epinephrine and norepinephrine to be produced in larger amounts. Although this disease is rare, it can come with a number of symptoms. Sufferers may have a higher heart rate, severe headaches, sweating, chest or abdominal pain, increased appetite, and weight loss. You may also have problems falling asleep. As Phaeocromocytoma grows it causes the episodes of these symptoms to become more severe.

The adrenal medulla may also develop Neuroblastomas cancer. This is a tumor most often found in children, making up about 8.5% of childhood cases of cancer. The symptoms are similar, although the cancer is more severe because of its rapid growth. Many of the cases of Neuroblastomas in the adrenal medulla are detected when children reach about two years of age. This tumor rarely causes emergency symptoms.


Adrenal Cortex
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The Adrenal Cortex is located on the adrenal gland. It produces Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids to help manage stress. Androgen synthesis also takes places here. The way the adrenal cortex is created it can be best understood when it’s separated into three separate layers.

 The outer layer is known as the Zona Glomerulosa. It produces Mineralocorticoids such as Aldosterone. The second layer, which is the middle layer, is known as the zona fasciculate which produces Glucocorticoids such as Cortisol. Finally there is the Zona Reticularis which is the most inner layer. Here the weak androgens such as Dehydroepiandrosterone are created. The Zona Reticularis is not always designed to do this task in all animals. In fact in rodents it also generates corticosterone.

All of the hormones that are created by your adrenal cortex are created from cholesterol. This is known as hormone synthesis. The process is simple. The cholesterol is moved into the inner layer of the membrane. It is then converted to what is known as pregnenolone. From there Pregnenolone can either be dehydrogenated and become progesterone, or it can be hydroxylated to become 17 alpha Hydroxyprenenolone.

So what do the three different hormones actually do? The Mineralocorticoids are designed to help increase water retention and blood volume in your body. It also increases the level of sodium ions thereby regulating sodium. Finally it increases urinary excretion of potassium ions.

The Glucocorticoids are designed to do several things. They help strengthen cardiac muscles, increase blood glucose levels, helps stimulate Lipolysis, and have anti-inflammatory properties. Finally the androgens are produced which include testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone. Although it’s very small the Adrenal Cortex plays a significant role in the way our bodies operate. Without the Adrenal Cortex we would not be able to live because of the different aspects of our bodies that it regulates.

Slight dysfunctionality of your adrenal cortex can dramatically affect your energy levels called adrenal fatigue or if left untreated can lead to adrenal failure. 

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Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Adrenal Glands
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The hypothalamus is a small part of your body located in the middle-lower part of your brain. It produces the corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which begins a circle between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. This circle is often referred to as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.  Also known as corticoliberin, corticotrophin-releasing hormone is a neurotransmitter and polypeptide hormone which controls your stress response. When you feel stress the hypothalamus produces corticoliberin to create a response in the pituitary gland. A person who suffers from a lack of corticoliberin may have Alzheimer’s disease, hypoglycemia, or hepatitis.

The pituitary gland is a small bean-shaped organ located right under the hypothalamus. When corticoliberin is released it sends a signal to the pituitary gland to produce corticotrophin and other substances like β-endorphin. Corticotropin is released by the anterior pituitary gland and causes an increase in androgen production and cortisol.

The corticotrophin produced by the pituitary gland will travel to the adrenal cortices to create this cortisol. Cortisol is an important hormone which normally fluctuates with your sleep cycle. A person with little fluctuation in their cortisol throughout the day may suffer from insomnia, fatigue, or burnout. Excess cortisol can be very harmful, resulting in reduced memory to help react to stressful situations. This may be caused by a drawn out exposure to severe stress. When cortisol production is increased it helps your body prepare for stress and ways to counteract it. The cortisol also travels back to the hypothalamus and pituitary glands in a negative feedback cycle. This completes the circle created by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis controls many systems like digestion, the immune system, moods, energy, and sexuality. This system is widely seen in all different kinds of species, including organisms. The communication with glands, hormones, and the brain are often controlled in part by this balance.

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Adrenal Gland Failure
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Adrenal gland failure is not uncommon around the United States and the world. If someone has adrenal gland failure they are suffering from their adrenal glands not producing enough cortisol and aldosterone. These to hormones are very important and necessary to the function of the human body. The hormones are responsible for managing your blood pressure, blood sugar, and immune system. You will know if you have adrenal gland failure as you’ll notice several different symptoms.

The most noticeable symptom you’ll experience is weakness and fatigue which is sometimes called adrenal fatigue. Your body becomes weak and fatigued because it’s responding to the imbalance of chemicals in your body. You may also notice that you have pain in certain areas of your body. Some will only feel it around their abdomen while others will feel it throughout their body. If left treated, adrenal fatigue or exhaustion can lead to a condition known as adrenal insufficiency which is a much more advanced form of adrenal fatigue.

In some cases you’ll notice cognitive changes and skin discoloration due to the chemical balance change that is taking place. Some people will become more irritable while others will become depressed. There’s no telling how a person will react to the chemical imbalance that they’re going through until it actually happens.

Finally if you have problems with digestion which leads to constipation or diarrhea then you may have adrenal gland failure as well. This symptom is the most common symptom that there is. This is because the cortisol has a huge effect on the entire digestive system. However some people will have constipation problems while others will suffer from diarrhea. This can also affect your weight as well.

Knowing what adrenal gland failure is will help you diagnosis it if someone you know has it. You will also be able to watch yourself in case you do notice any weird symptoms starting to occur. Knowing what to look for is the most important part to correcting adrenal gland failure.


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